The Planetary Cabinet - Nava Nayaka of Samvatsara

As per the Hindu calendar, a time cycle consists of 60 years (Samvatsara) and each of the Samvatsara's are associated with a specific name and the cycle keeps repeating every 60 years. The Samvatsara's by themselves are again divided into groups of 3 consisting of 20 Samvatsara's each with the trinity of Brahma (1 to 20), Vishnu (21 to 40) and Shiva (41 to 60) ruling a period of 20 years amidst these 60 years. The current time cycle beginning with Prabhava Samvatsara started in 1987-88 and will be completed with Akshaya Samvatsara in 2046-47 after which the cycle will once again reflect with Prabhava. The current operational year of 2023-24 happens to be the 37th and is titled 'Shobakrithu'.

The cycle of 60 is obtained from the relative positions of the two furthest planets in the sky as per Vedic Astrology namely Jupiter and Saturn which signify Dharma and Karma respectively. The orbital time taken by Jupiter to traverse the zodiac is approximately 12 years (1 year in each zodiac sign) and that of Saturn is 30 years (2.5 years in each zodiac sign). The least common multiple of 12 and 30 happens to be 60 and hence a time cycle consists of 60 years. It is also roughly the period in which both these planets will cross each other's part and hence the special significance with the number 60.

As per the Panchang, each year begins with the predictions of Sage 'Idaikadar' who delineates about what to expect in a particular year in the form of a verse. Some years from the Sanskrit names itself can be deduced to be good and certain years connote to be inauspicious for the world in general. For Sobhakritu year it is termed as a 'Mangalam' year that denotes prosperity and auspicious happenings taking place in general.

There is however some dissonance with respect to when exactly a year begins. As per the Lunar calendar which is largely adopted amongst Telugu and Kannada speaking population, it occurs during 'Yugadi' which takes place with the rise of Shukla Paksha Pratipada (Pratamai/Padyami) in Chaitra Masa. This normally takes place somewhere between the middle of March and April. However as per the Solar calendar which is mostly followed by Tamil and Malayalam speaking states, a year begins only with the ingress of Sun into the sign of Aries or Mesha Rasi known as 'Chithirai' ushering in the festival of Puthandu / Vishu which normally happens around 13/14/15th of April.

Speaking about the Panchang, there is an important concept called 'Nava Nayaka' which plays a vital role in determining various constituents and giving a breakdown on what to expect with respect to few important portfolios. Like how in politics we see different portfolios being occupied by ministerial candidates, in a similar vein we see different planets taking control of certain positions at the beginning of every Hindu year. The different portfolios which arise every year at the beginning of a Samvatsara happen to be:

- Raja : King (Overall Control)

- Mantri : Minister (Administration)

- Senadipati : Commander in Chief (Law and Order, Defence)

- Arghyadipati : Water (Water Levels, Prices of products, Finances)

- Meghadipati : Clouds (Rainfall, Kind of Weather)

- Sasyadipati : Agriculture (Agricultural Products, Underground Produce)

- Dhanyadipati : Grains (Food crops, Cereals)

- Rasadipati : Commodities (Essential Spices, Medicinal Drugs)

- Neerasadipati : Non Commodities (Metals, Gemstones) 

The Raja is the top most person in the cabinet and most sought after leading the reigns. The Mantri is the next most important and adviser to the King in matters of general public health and lifestyle. The Senadipati is the leader of the army and able folly to the King with regard to law and weapons. Arghyadipati deals largely with the state of water levels but also controls the finance side of things such as the pricing of Agricultural produce. Meghadipati takes the portfolio of ascertaining the weather and estimating the amount of rainfalls expected to be prevalent. Sasyadipati details the prediction of the growth of crops and Dhanyadipathi is all about the production of grains. Rasadipati tackles the essential commodities sector and Neerasadipati manages metal produce including jewellery and precious stones.

The Nava Nayaka calculation occurs largely based on the position of Sun but the rulers of the respective 9 positions can be any of the 7 planets sans the nodes Rahu & Ketu. It is generally believed that natural malefic planets getting majority of the portfolios indicates administration being tough and strict during that particular year whereas presence of more beneficial planets ruling the reigns can designate more well being. The Nava Nayaka for all the 9 portfolios are calculated as below:

Raja:
Basis - Day of Tithi (Relationship between Sun and Moon based on angular distance)
Specific - Day Lord of Shukla Paksha Pratipada in Chaitra month

Mantri:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Aries (Mesha Rasi)

Senadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Leo (Simha Rasi)

Arghyadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Gemini (Mithuna Rasi)

Meghadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in Nakshatra
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Arudra Nakshatra (Tiruvadirai)

Sasyadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Cancer (Karka Rasi)

Dhanyadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Sagittarius (Dhanus Rasi)

Rasadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Libra (Thula Rasi)

Neerasadipati:
Basis - Day of Sun's entry in zodiac sign
Specific - Day Lord of Sun's entry in Capricorn (Makara Rasi)

Thus in 7 of the 9 cases, Nava Nayaka is determined based on the day of Sun's entry into different zodiacs namely Aries, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Capricorn. For determining the 'Raja' it is based on the first Tithi of the brighter half that takes place when Sun is placed in Pisces Rasi and for obtaining 'Meghadipathi', it is the day when Sun enters Arudra Nakshatra.

There is also a concept of Pashunayaka which arises based on the planet that takes the reigns of the Raja position. Pashunayaka is decoded based on the following:
If Raja is Sun or Mars - Pashunayaka will be Yama
If Raja is Moon, Jupiter or Venus - Pashunayaka will be Sri Krishna
If Raja is Mercury or Saturn - Pashunayaka will be Balarama

Let's go about computing the Nava Nakaya planets of all the 9 portfolios for the current Samvatsara in operation which happens to be Shobakritu.

Raja:
Calculation: Day Lord of Shukla Paksha Pratipada Tithi during Sunrise in Chaitra month
Outcome: The Sun and Moon conjunct in Meena Rasi (Pisces) forming Shukla Paksha Pratipada Tithi which takes place on 21st March 2023 at 22:54 hours. This happens to be on a Tuesday. However since sunrise is not prevalent, we need to consider the day this Tithi occurs when sunrise is present which happens to be Wednesday, 22nd March 2023. Hence the Raja for the year is 'Mercury'
Result: Raja = Mercury

Mantri:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Aries (Mesha Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Mesha Rasi on 14th April 2023 at 14:27 hours. This happens to be a Friday. Day Lord for Friday is Venus. Hence Mantri for the year is Venus
Result: Mantri = Venus

Senadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Leo (Simha Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Simha Rasi on 17th August 2023 at 13:01 hours. This happens to be a Thursday. Day Lord for Thursday is Jupiter. Hence Senadipati for the year is Jupiter
Result: Senadipati = Jupiter

Arghyadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Gemini (Mithuna Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Mithuna Rasi on 15th June 2023 at 17:44 hours. This happens to be a Thursday. Day Lord for Thursday is Jupiter. Hence Arghyadipati for the year is Jupiter
Result: Arghyadipati = Jupiter

Meghadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Arudra Nakshatra (Tiruvadirai)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Arudra Nakshatra on 22nd June 2023 at 17:17 hours. This happens to be a Thursday. Day Lord for Thursday is Jupiter. Hence Meghadipati for the year is Jupiter
Result: Meghadipati = Jupiter

Sasyadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Cancer (Kataka Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Kataka Rasi on 17th July 2023 at 04:35 hours. This happens to be a Monday as per English Day but Sunday as per the Vedic Calendar since a Hindu Day begins from sunrise and ends during the next day Sunrise. However since the day is almost over, only Monday is considered for this portfolio with sunrise being prevalent. Day Lord for Monday is Moon. Hence Sasyadipati for the year is Moon
Result: Sasyadipati = Moon

Dhanyadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Sagittarius (Dhanus Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Dhanus Rasi on 16th December 2023 at 15:28 hours. This happens to be a Saturday. Day Lord for Saturday is Saturn. Hence Dhanyadipati for the year is Saturn
Result: Dhanyadipati = Saturn

Rasadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Libra (Thula Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Thula Rasi on 18th October 2023 at 00:59 hours. This happens to be a Tuesday as per English Day but Wednesday as per the Vedic Calendar since a Hindu Day begins from sunrise and ends during the next day Sunrise. However since the day is almost over, only Wednesday is considered for this portfolio with sunrise being prevalent. Day Lord for Wednesday is Mercury. Hence Rasadipati for the year is Mercury
Result: Rasadipati = Mercury

Neerasadipati:
Calculation: Day Lord of Sun's entry in Capricorn (Makara Rasi)
Outcome: The Sun transits into Makara Rasi on Saturday, 15th January 2024 at 02:13 hours. This happens to be a Monday as per English Day but Sunday as per the Vedic Calendar since a Hindu Day begins from sunrise and ends during the next day Sunrise. However since the day is almost over, only Monday is considered for this portfolio with sunrise being prevalent. Day Lord for Monday is Moon. Hence Neerasadipati for the year is Moon
Result: Neerasadipati = Moon

Note:
It is important to note that a Vedic Day begins only from Sunrise as opposed to a standard English Calendar day which starts at 12AM. Generally the mean sunrise adopted is 6AM as that is considered to be the approximate standard time in which Sun rises within most places in India. Thus, it can be roughly assimilated that 6AM is Sunrise time and 6PM is Sunset time. While calculating Navanayaka, if any of the planetary transits takes place after 6PM, as per Surya Siddhantha only the next day is considered into the equation though as per Drik Siddhantha which deals with observable placement in the skies, it could have taken place in the previous day. This needs to be carefully looked at while determining Navanayaka portfolio.

Ayanamsa used for the calculation of Navanayaka is Lahiri Chitra Paksha and the place considered is Chennai, India. There could be a change in planetary portfolio based on the Ayanamsa adopted. Also for all cases of Navanayaka, since only the day lord is considered into the equation and since the shadow planets Rahu and Ketu do not rule any of the days, they do not hold ground to become the Navanayaka's for any of the 9 portfolios in operation.

Listed below is the current operational Samvatsara cycle that runs from 1987-88 to 2046-47.

Vedic components of Time!

The breakdown of time as a component is very fascinating in the vedic sphere. The division of time from a higher level to the minutest level is indeed hair raising and you'll get alarmed at how atomically intricate the sages went with the lowest metric of time recorded to a depth underneath of up to a staggering 1/60750th of a second.

Let's say for instance that someone were born on the 4th of June 1986 at 10:05 PM in Chennai, India. Just by classifying on a broad scale of time we can perhaps say that the person was born in:
Akshaya Varsha  (60th of 60 years)
Uttara Ayana (1st of 2 Ayanas)
Vasantha Rutu (1st of 6 seasons)
Vaisakha Masa (2nd of 12 months)
Krishna Paksha (2nd of 2 fortnights)
Buddha Vara (4th of 7 days)
Ratri Samay (2nd of 2 times of a day)
Roga Gowri Panchang (3rd of 8 parts during night time of a day)
Shani Hora (17th of 24 hours of a day)

If someone were to ask you the time in which you were born you can always flummox anyone by stating in detail the time period in which you took birth on this earth. You can even add the details of the Nakshatra, Tithi, Karana, Yoga and various other measures as an extra fillip.

These are just various layers and from Paksha onwards it could even take another off shoot route by going in another direction such as the Ahoratra, Muhurtha, Ghati et al. But on a broad classification, at least to within an hours time the classification listed draws down to a pretty finite level. I shall now explain some important components of time by first listing down a summary on a high level followed by explanation on the components.

• Varsha (Samvatsara - 60 year cycle)
• Ayana (Sun's Northern and Southern movement)
• Ruthu (6 types of seasons) 
• Masa (12 months of Lunar calendar/Solar Calendar)
• Paksha (Bright half/Darker half of moon)
• Vara (7 days from Sunday to Saturday)
• Samay (Day divided into day time sunrise and night time sunset)
• Gowri Panchanga (Portion of sunrise and sunset divided into 8 equal parts each)
• Hora (Day classified into 24 hours beginning from lord of the day in decreasing distance)

Varsha (Samvatsara) / Year:
A time cycle consists of 60 years and can also translate to 5 cycles of Jupiter. It is based on a rough estimate of the time taken by the 2 biggies Jupiter and Saturn to come together which happens approximately once in 60 years. Jupiter takes roughly 1 year or 12 months in a sign and hence takes 12 years to complete the zodiac. Saturn on the other hand takes 2.5 years or 30 months and hence it takes 30 years to go around the zodiac. The lowest common multiple of 12 and 30 happens to be 60 and hence once every 60 years you would see Jupiter and Saturn crossing each other's path.

The first year of the cycle is called 'Prabhava' and the last year of the cycle is termed 'Akshaya'. The current 60 year cycle runs from 1987-88 to 2046-47. Now these 60 years by themselves are divided into 3 parts ruled by the trinity with the first 20 years ruled by Brahma, the next 20 years by Vishnu and the last 20 years by Shiva.

A Samvatsara is said to begin immediately after Ammavasya in the Tithi of Shukla Paksha Pratipada in the lunar month of Chaitra. This is followed mostly in the Northern part of India but however sections of South India believe that a year starts when Sun enters Mesha in the month of Chithirai. This difference of opinion could lead to a minor difference in the start of a new year based on whether lunar or solar calendars have been adopted.

Year	Samvatsara	Deity
1	Prabhava	Brahma
2	Vibhava	Brahma
3	Sukla	Brahma
4	Pramoduta	Brahma
5	Prajapati	Brahma
6	Angirasa	Brahma
7	Srimukha	Brahma
8	Bhava	Brahma
9	Yuva	Brahma
10	Dhattu	Brahma
11	Isvara	Brahma
12	Bahudhanya	Brahma
13	Pramathi	Brahma
14	Vikrama	Brahma
15	Vrushapraja	Brahma
16	Chitrabhanu	Brahma
17	Svabhanu	Brahma
18	Tarana	Brahma
19	Parthiva	Brahma
20	Vyaya	Brahma
21	Sarvajit	Vishnu
22	Sarvadhari	Vishnu
23	Virodhi	Vishnu
24	Vikrti	Vishnu
25	Khara	Vishnu
26	Nandana	Vishnu
27	Vijaya	Vishnu
28	Jaya	Vishnu
29	Manmatha	Vishnu
30	Durmukhi	Vishnu
31	Hevilambi	Vishnu
32	Vilambi	Vishnu
33	Vikari	Vishnu
34	Sarvari	Vishnu
35	Plava	Vishnu
36	Subhakruth	Vishnu
37	Shobhakruth	Vishnu
38	Krodhi	Vishnu
39	Visvavasu	Vishnu
40	Parabhava	Vishnu
41	Plavanga	Shiva
42	Kilaka	Shiva
43	Saumya	Shiva
44	Sadharana	Shiva
45	Virodhikrta	Shiva
46	Paridhavi	Shiva
47	Pramadicha	Shiva
48	Ananda	Shiva
49	Raksasa	Shiva
50	Nala	Shiva
51	Pingala	Shiva
52	Kalayukti	Shiva
53	Siddharthi	Shiva
54	Raudri	Shiva
55	Durmati	Shiva
56	Dundubhi	Shiva
57	Rudhirodgari	Shiva
58	Raktakshi	Shiva
59	Krodhana	Shiva
60	Akshaya	Shiva

Ayana (Northern/Southern movement of Sun):
An Ayana is basically 2 half years within a year known as the solar half and lunar half. It depends on the Sun's course of movement. The 2 Ayana's are termed Uttara Ayana (solar half) ruled by Sun and Dakshina Ayana (lunar half) ruled by Moon.

Uttara Ayana - This is the solar half of the year which takes place with Sun's Northward course from winter solstice to summer solstice where the days are said to be lengthier. In simple parlance, it is the time of the year when Sun enters Capricorn zodiac as per the sidereal year which would roughly be around the mid of January.

Dakshina Ayana - This is the lunar half of the year which takes place with Sun's Southward course from summer solstice to winter solstice where the nights are said to be lengthier. In simple parlance, it is the time of the year when Sun enters into Cancer zodiac as per the sidereal year which would roughly be around the mid of July.

Rutu (Seasons):
There are 6 types of seasons in the calendar denoting different meanings as mentioned below:
Vasantha - Spring (Ruled by Venus)
Grishma - Summer (Ruled by Sun, Mars)
Varsha - Monsoon/Rainy Season (Ruled by Moon)
Sharad - Autumn (Ruled by Mercury)
Hemanta - Winter (Ruled by Jupiter)
Sisira - Prevernal/Cold Season (Ruled by Saturn)

Vasantha Ruthu is said to correlate with the beginning of the year whereas Sisira Ruthu takes place during the end of the year. Each Rutu is said to last for 2 lunar months. In down south however due to change in climatic conditions, there tends to be a small shift with regard to the hot and cold portion of the year. Since Grishma is said to be the summer season and tends to begin in and around April, the solar months Chithirai and Vaikasi (Mid April to mid June) are associated with it and likewise Varsha is tagged along with the solar months of Aani and Aadi (Mid June to mid August).

Masa (Months):
There are 12 months in a year and the lunar calendar is the one which is followed in vogue. There are 2 types of traditions followed with regard to the following of the Lunar months viz

Amanta - Month starts on Shukla Pratipada and ends on Ammavasya (Most popular)

Pournimanta - Month starts on Krishna Paksha Pratipada and ends on Pournima

A lunar month is roughly about 29 and half days and hence a lunar year completes it's revolution in about 354 odd days whereas a solar year comprises about 365 and a quarter days. This difference accumulates over time and hence an extra month titled Adhik Maasa is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. The Adhik Maasa takes place once in about 2 years and 8 1/2 months with the extra month taking place in the month where the sun remains in the same zodiac sign throughout an entire lunar month cycle.

The 12 Lunar months are as follows and tend to occur during the months mentioned:

Chaithra - Mar-Apr

Vaishaka - Apr-May

Jyeshta - May-Jun

Ashada - Jun-Jul

Shravana - Jul-Aug

Bhadrapada - Aug-Sep

Ashwija - Sep-Oct

Karthik - Oct-Nov

Margashira - Nov-Dec

Pushya - Dec-Jan

Magha - Jan-Feb

Phalguna - Feb-Mar

However in some parts of South India, the solar calendar reigns supreme which by and large depends on the ingress of the Sun in different rasis beginning from Aries onwards. Listed below are the solar months which tend to occur roughly around the mid of every month beginning from mid April onwards with the year starting from Chithirai and ending with Panguni.

Chithirai - Apr-May

Vaikasi - May-Jun

Aani - Jun-Jul

Aadi - Jul-Aug

Avani - Aug-Sep

Purattasi - Sep-Oct

Aipasi - Oct-Nov

Karthikai - Nov-Dec

Margazhi - Dec-Jan

Thai - Jan-Feb

Maasi - Feb-Mar

Panguni - Mar-Apr

Paksha (Brigher/Darker Half of Moon):

A Paksha is basically a split of a lunar month into two halves viz brighter half or Shukla Paksha (waxing period of moon) and darker half or Krishna Paksha (waning period of Moon). Every 12 degrees of angular distance is termed a tithi and as and when the Moon moves away from the Sun to a point of 180 degrees (15 tithis - 180/12) it constitutes the brighter half and from there on in the Moon returns back towards the sun from 181st to 360 degrees which is said to be the darker half. There are 30 tithis in a lunar month with the first 15 waxing and the next 15 waning. The list of Tithi classification into Shukla Paksha and Krishna Paksha are listed below:

Pratipada - 1st (Shukla Paksha), 16th (Krishna Paksha)

Dwitiya - 2nd (Shukla Paksha), 17th (Krishna Paksha)

Tritiya - 3rd (Shukla Paksha), 18th (Krishna Paksha)

Chaturthi - 4th (Shukla Paksha), 19th (Krishna Paksha)

Panchami - 5th (Shukla Paksha), 20th (Krishna Paksha)

Sashti - 6th (Shukla Paksha), 21st (Krishna Paksha)

Sapthami - 7th (Shukla Paksha), 22th (Krishna Paksha)

Ashtami - 8th (Shukla Paksha), 23th (Krishna Paksha)

Navami - 9th (Shukla Paksha), 24th (Krishna Paksha)

Dasami - 10th (Shukla Paksha), 25th (Krishna Paksha)

Ekadashi - 11th (Shukla Paksha), 26th (Krishna Paksha)

Dwadashi - 12th (Shukla Paksha), 27th (Krishna Paksha)

Triyodashi - 13th (Shukla Paksha), 28th (Krishna Paksha)

Chaturdashi - 14th (Shukla Paksha), 29th (Krishna Paksha)

Pournami/Amma Vasya - 15th (Shukla Paksha), 30th (Krishna Paksha)

Vara (Days of the week):

These are basically the 7 days in a week from Sunday to Saturday. A day consists of both sun rise and sunset and said to last for a period of 24 hours beginning from sunrise of one day till the beginning of the sun rise of the next day. Each of the days are lorded by a ruling planet as seen below:

Ravi Vaar (Sunday) - Sun

Som Vaar (Monday) - Moon

Mangal Vaar (Tuesday) - Mars

Buddha Vaar (Wednesday) - Mercury

Guru Vaar (Thursday) - Jupiter

Shukra Vaar (Friday) - Venus

Shani Vaar (Saturday) - Saturn

Samay (Time of the day):

A day is again broken into 2 parts comprising of sunrise ruling the day portion and sunset ruling the night portion. Both these segments work out to roughly about 12 hours in a day.

Din Samay (Sunrise) - Day time portion

Ratri Samay (Sunset) - Night time portion

Gowri Panchanga (8 portions each of day time sun rise and night time sun set)

Gowri Panchang is a portion of approximately one and half hours time period used to check auspicious time to start a new activity and to avoid inauspicious time. From a religious perspective it is mainly used to decipher the right time for the purpose of a Muhurat.

The sunrise time as well as sunset times are further split into 8 equal parts each and assigned to 8 planets - Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and Rahu. The order of the sunrise period always begins from the order of the weekday and the sunset period begins from the 5th day of the weekday and follows the sequential order. The presence of Rahu alone yields breaks to this order which needs to be factored accordingly.

The different Gowri Panchangas in a day comprise of  the following North Indian or South Indian names and is said to be ruled by a particular planet

Udyoga/Uthi -  Sun

Amrit/Amrita - Moon

Roga/Rogam - Mars

Laabha/Laabam - Mercury

Shubha/Dhanam - Jupiter

Chala/Sugam - Venus

Kaala/Soram - Saturn

Vish/Visham - Rahu

Hora (24 hours in a day based on decreasing distance of planets):

Hora happens to be a unit of time comprising usually one hour time frame which is suitable for performing specific actions. Hora is computed based on the distance of planets or in essence the order of decreasing speed of planets with respect to the earth. The first Hora in a day however is always the ruling planet of the day, for instance Sunday's first Hora will always be Sun whereas Monday's first Hora will always be Moon and so on and so forth. The Hora order from slowest planet (also farthest) to the fastest planet (also closest) is as below;

Shani (Saturn)

Guru (Jupiter)

Kuja (Mars)

Suriya (Sun)

Shukra (Venus)

Buddha (Mercury)

Chandra (Moon)

Thus, we see that time can be pretty synchronous going about in a uniform manner and can also be extremely extensive. Providing below an easy tabular format to look at what extreme awe inspiring depths time really goes into:

Time                                                     Division

1 Time Cycle (60 years)	60 Samvatsara (year)
1 Samvatsara (year)	2 Ayana (half a year)
1 Ayana (half a year)	3 Rutus (Season)
1 Rutu (season)	2 Masa (Months)
1 Masa (Month)	2 Paksha (Shukla and Krishna)
1 Paksha (Shukla and Krishna)	15 Ahoratram (24 Hours)
1 Ahoratram (24 Hours)	30 Muhurtha (48 Minutes)
1 Muhurtha (48 Minutes)	2 Ghati (24 Minutes)
1 Ghati (24 Minutes)	30 Kalas (48 seconds)
1 Kalas (48 seconds)	2 Vighati (24 seconds)
1 Vighati (24 seconds)	6 Pranas (4 seconds)
1 Pranas (4 seconds)	6 Nimeshas (88.889 milisecond)
1 Nimeshas (88.889 milisecond)	30 Tatpara (2.96296 milisecond)
1 Tatpara (2.96296 milisecond)	100 Truti (29.6296 microsecond)
1 Truti (29.6296 microsecond)	1.8 Paramanu (60750th part of a second)
1 Paramanu	60750th part of a second